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Authors
Ng, Jun Yan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-397X
Zhou, Hongyu http://orcid.org/0009-0008-8810-9292
Li, Tianqi http://orcid.org/0009-0002-8007-8213
Chew, Fook Tim http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-5146
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (N-154-000-038-001)
Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund (R-154-000-191-112, R-154-000-404-112, R-154-000-565-112, R-154-000-630-112, R-154-000-A08-592, R-154-000-A27-597, R-154-000-A91-592, R-154-000-A95-592, R154-000-B99-114)
Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund (R-154-000-553-112)
Biomedical Research Council Singapore (BMRC/01/1/21/18/077, BMRC/04/1/21/19/315, BMRC/APG2013/108)
Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN-06-006, SIgN-08-020)
National Medical Research Council Singapore (NMRC/1150/2008, OFIRG20nov-0033)
National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF-MP-2020-0004)
Singapore Food Agency (SFS_RND_SUFP_001_04, W22W3D0006)
Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore (H17/01/a0/008)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (APG2013/108)
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Article History
Received: 26 October 2023
Accepted: 4 May 2024
First Online: 18 May 2024
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices and in compliance with local regulatory requirements. The cross-sectional studies in Singapore were conducted on the National University of Singapore (NUS) campus annually between 2005 and 2023 with the approval of the Institutional Review Board (Reference Code: NUS-07–023, NUS-09–256, NUS-10–445, NUS-13–075, NUS-14–150, and NUS-18–036) and by the Helsinki declaration, of which, participants between 2011 and 2022 participated in the current skin ageing study (Reference Code: NUS-2020–495). The cross-sectional studies in Malaysia were held at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Campus and Sunway University. Ethical approval was granted from the Scientific and Ethical Review Committee of UTAR (Reference Code: U/SERC/03/2016) and the Sunway University Research Ethics Committee (Reference Code: SUREC 2019/029 and SUREC 2022/049). Before the data collection, all participants involved signed an informed consent form.
: All authors have read and consented to the publication of this manuscript.
: F.T.C reports grants from the National University of Singapore, Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund, Singapore Immunology Network, National Medical Research Council (NMRC) (Singapore), Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) (Singapore), National Research Foundation (NRF) (Singapore), Singapore Food Agency (SFA), and the Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) (Singapore), during the conduct of the study; and consulting fees from Sime Darby Technology Centre; First Resources Ltd; Genting Plantation, Olam International, and Syngenta Crop Protection, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no other competing interests.
