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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Agriculture Research System Program (CARS-41-G04)
Shenyang Governmental Science and Technology Program (22-316-2-02)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 16 May 2025
First Online: 14 July 2025
Declarations
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: Chicken embryos were purchased from Zhuozhou Mufeng Poultry Co., Ltd. (Baoding, China), and on the 18th d of incubation, chicken embryos were euthanized by decapitation according to AVMA guidelines and animal welfare. Since chicken embryos older than 14 d may be painful, guillotining is recommended as a humane method of euthanasia. Avian embryos are not considered "living vertebrates" and therefore do not require the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee. Animal studies were conducted in strict compliance with ethical guidelines and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at China Agricultural University (Approval code: AW60305202-1-04).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
