Choi, Youyoung
Zhou, Mi
Romero-Pérez, Atmir
Beauchemin, Karen A.
Duval, Stephane
Kindermann, Maik
Guan, Le Luo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-4371
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beef Cattle Research Council Cluster (FDE.18.21C)
DSM Nutritional Products
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery, and NSERC Alliance program (Canadian Research Chair Program (Tier 1), ALLRP 588541-23)
Article History
Received: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The experimental protocols received approval from University of Alberta Animal Care and Use Committee for Livestock (Protocol No. short-term: AUP#1132; long-term: AUP#1234). The experiments were conducted following the guidelines of the Canadian Council of Animal Care (2011, Ottawa, ON, Canada).
: All authors have consented to publication.
: There are no competing interests among authors.