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Authors
Jiang, Jingya
Chen, Langduan
Ma, Weiying
Wen, Tingting
Liu, Rui
Chu, Guiyan
Zeng, Xiangfang
Qiao, Shiyan
Cai, Chuanjiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472878)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1300303)
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Article History
Received: 17 September 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: The experimental protocol received approval from the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Northwest A&F University (No. NWAFU202309004). All animal experiments were conducted in compliance with the guidelines established by the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The method of stunning prior to slaughter involved exposing pigs to a high concentration of compressed carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in a sealed chamber, maintained at 65%–75% for a minimum of 5 min to ensure unconsciousness. Clinical death was confirmed by the absence of breathing and corneal reflexes before exsanguination.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
