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Authors
Mamjoud, Amal
Zirah, Séverine
Rebuffat, Sylvie
Biron, Éric
Fliss, Ismail
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NSERC (IRCPJ 499946-15)
CRIBIQ (2014-022-C12)
IDRC-Innovet-Initiative (109048-001)
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study used cecal and ileum content sourced from a commercial slaughterhouse post-mortem and was therefore exempt from formal ethical review. According to the guidelines of Université Laval and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), the use of tissues or contents collected from animals already slaughtered for commercial food production is exempt from formal ethical review.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
