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Article History

Received: 16 March 2025

Accepted: 10 October 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Boards at each participating center in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin: EA1_271_14, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH): 936-2011). Each patient provided written informed consent for the research use of their specimens before enrollment.

: Not applicable.

: FD reports personal fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, BeiGene, Gilead, Incyte, Novartis, and Roche outside the submitted work. LB reports advisory roles for Abbvie, Amgen, Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Menarini, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier; as well as research funding from Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals. MH declares honoraria from Abbvie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Qiagen, Servier, Sobi, paid consultancy for AvenCell, Abbvie, Astellas, Glycostem, Janssen, LabDelbert, Miltenyi, Novartis, Pfizer, PinotBio, Servier, and research funding to his institution from Abbvie, Servier, Astellas, BergenBio, Glycostem, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Karyopharm, Loxo Oncology, Novartis, PinotBio.