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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 22 November 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Bone marrow (BM) aspirates were collected from multiple myeloma (MM) patients after informed consent using protocols approved by the ethical committee of Helsinki University Hospital (Ethical Committee Statement 303/13/03/01/201, latest amendment 7 dated 15 June 2016; latest HUS study permit HUS/395/2018 dated 13 February 2018; Permit numbers 239/13/03/00/2010, 303/13/03/01/2011) and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: K.A., Y.D., K.W.M., J.O., S.S.G. are employees of and receives stock or stock options from Oncopeptides. S.N. is an employee of, has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for, and receives stock or stock options from Oncopeptides. M.T. is a consultant of and receives stock or stock options from Oncopeptides. A.S., F.L., are former employees of and receive stock or stock options from Oncopeptides. F.S. has received grants or contracts from Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Oncopeptides, Targovax, and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures or speakers’ bureau participation from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Sanofi, SkyliteDX, and Takeda; serving on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for AbbVie, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Oncopeptides, Sanofi, and Takeda; and stock or stock options from Nordic Nanovector. P.So. has received grants or contracts from Amgen, Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, and SkylineDx. C.A.H. has received research funding from Oncopeptides related to this work, and from IMI2 projects HARMONY and HARMONY PLUS, WntResearch, Orion, Kronos Bio, Novartis, Celgene, Zentalis Pharmaceuticals for unrelated work, plus honoraria or personal fees from Amgen and Autolus. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.