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Article History

Received: 25 November 2018

Accepted: 21 February 2019

First Online: 20 March 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Human colonic resections were obtained anonymously from the Department of Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital under an existing Institutional Review Board approved protocol (#2015P001859). Endoscopic biopsies were collected from de-identified patients from Boston Children’s Hospital. Informed consent and developmentally appropriate assent were obtained at Boston Children’s Hospital from the donors’ guardian and the donor, respectively. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Institutional Review Board of Boston Children’s Hospital (Protocol number IRB-P00000529) approval.

: Not applicable.

: D.E.I. holds equity in Emulate, Inc., consults to the company, and chairs its scientific advisory board; he also is an inventor on relevant patents.

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