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Authors
Zhang, Jiayi
Ma, Rui
Duan, Xiaowei
Ma, Lu
Gu, Jingang
Bu, Dengpan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFD1301002)
Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-IAS-17)
Beijing Innovation Consortium of Livestock Research System (BAIC05-202)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: All animal procedures were conducted under an experimental license from the Animal Care Advisory Committee of Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Protocol No.IAS2022–91), which approved the methodology for rumen fluid collection from the dairy cows.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
