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Article History

Received: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: In this study, fecal samples were collected non-invasively following natural defecation, without any direct handling or intervention on the animals by the researchers. Therefore, according to institutional guidelines, this type of sample collection is considered exempt from formal animal ethics approval. In addition, all sampling procedures were conducted in collaboration with farm personnel and facility operators, following standard practices and with their consent. The consent forms were originally prepared in Korean, and an English translation has been provided as a supplementary document.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.