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Authors
Bouzid, Amal
Elemam, Noha M.
Alsafar, Habiba
Venkatachalam, Thenmozhi
Eldoahji, Leen
Halabi, Nour
Saleh, Mohamed A.
Talaat, Iman M.
Taneera, Jalal
Sulaiman, Nabil
Maghazachi, Azzam A.
Hamid, Qutayba
Hamoudi, Rifat
Saber-Ayad, Maha
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Sharjah (CoV19-0304)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Dubai Scientific Research Ethics Committee, Dubai, UAE. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. COVID-19 patients were recruited under the ethical approval number: DSREC-04/2020 09 on April 26, 2020, and the healthy control cases were collected under the ethical approval number: MO-HAP/DXB/SUBC/No.14/2017. All data of patients used in this study were anonymous.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
