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Article History

Received: 2 January 2023

Accepted: 10 March 2023

First Online: 10 April 2023

Declarations

:

: In Kenya, this research obtained ethical clearance from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI/RES/7/3/1) and authority to conduct research from the National Commission for Science, Technology & Innovation (NACOSTI/P/21/10921). In Côte d’Ivoire, we obtained clearance from the National Health and Life Sciences Ethics Committee (Comité National d’Éthique des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, ref. n° 005-22/MSHPCMU/CNESVS-km). In Switzerland, we obtained ethical clearance from the principal investigator’s host institution, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (decision n° 068-2020). Before any data collection, all study subjects were informed about the study’s goals, methods, and data protection measures, and signed an inform consent form when they agreed to participate.

: All study participants signed an inform consent form before any data collection, which included consent for publication of anonymized data.

: Jürg Utzinger is the deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal <i>Infectious Diseases of Poverty</i>. He was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.