Mwebesa, Edson https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4421-5356
Agbi, Delight Mawufemor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-8419
Isiko, Isaac https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-5054
Nwankwo, Gideon Ikemdinachi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9521-0021
Obiora, Rejoice Uche https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4523-5124
Olubiyi, Bisola Folusho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2184-0060
Natuhamya, Charles https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-094X
Article History
Received: 25 January 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 20 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study analysed data from Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS) obtained from the DHS Program, which contained no identifiable participant data; as such, ethical approval was not required.
Consent for publications: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.