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Authors
Lowe, Callum
Kelly, Matthew
Amaral, Salvador
Handayani, Novia
Widjanarko, Bagoes
Budiyono, Budiyono
Kusariana, Nissa
Laksono, Budi
Juniawati, Juniawati
Muharsono, Muharsono
Sukoto, Sukoto
Hadisaputro, Suharyo
Wangdi, Kinley
Lal, Aparna
Kurscheid, Johanna
Nery, Susana Vaz
Soares-Magalhaes, Ricardo J.
Halton, Kate
McCarthy, James
Clements, Archie C. A.
Stewart, Donald
Gray, Darren
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health and Medical Research Council
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This project received ethical approval from the Australian National University Human Research Ethics Committee (No. 2022/386) and the ethical committee of Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang (Semarang Ministry of Health Polytechnic) (No. 0477/EA/KEPK/2022). Participants signed a consent form to be involved in the study and for data collectors to visit their BALatrine. Participants were given the opportunity to refuse audio recording of the qualitative interview which was conducted in privacy within their homes. The inspection of the BALatrine was only done with the consent of the household head and in privacy. Data was anonymized and kept on the principal investigator’s computer. Identifying information was removed from transcripts presented in this publication in order to protect participants privacy. This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
