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Article History

Received: 14 November 2022

Accepted: 15 March 2023

First Online: 25 March 2023

Declarations

:

: All authors complied with the legislation in the respective countries where fieldwork was conducted. Data from cape vultures and white-backed vultures were collected by K.W. and the team of Vulpro NpC, Plot 121, Boekenhoutkloof Road, Rietfontein 0216, Hartbeespoort, South Africa, and approved by the North West Nature Conservation Department under ethical permission NW 9095/05/2019 and NW 2815/05/2019. Data from wild boar were collected by A.D. and K.M. under ethical permission from Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), Vienna, Austria, project number 864726. Data from pet dogs were collected with consent of the owners. The dogs were accustomed to wearing a harness and the additional mass of the tag was < 0.24% of the body weight. Data from roadside hawks, tayras, king vultures and large-headed capuchins were collected by R.K. and approved by the NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States, IUCAC 22-294, under SERFOR permit number D000458-2022-MIDAGRI-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS-DGSPFS. Data from roe deer were collected by Jürgen Meyer and the Wildtierzentrum—Pflege und Artenschutz e.V., Saarburg—Wiltingen, Germany, as part of an animal marking to protect individuals from being hunted due to visible ear marking, and for health and habitat monitoring. Data from chamois were collected by Mi.W., approved by the Magistrat Stadt Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, under project number 01/01/59175/2021/001. Data from domestic goats were collected by Ma.W. and Uschi Müller with consent of the local farmers on the island of Sicily, Italy. The lapwings were collected as eggs from clutches by Martin Boschert on roofs of high buildings in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, as part of a species rescue project. The eggs were incubated, and the young raised to fledgling age by the team of the Zoological Garden of Karlsruhe, Germany, with its director Matthias Reinschmidt. Data from the black stork were collected by G.H. and Stefan Laubender. The black stork received medical treatment by Stefan Laubender and was tagged for health monitoring after the release. Data from common noctule bats were collected by D.K.N.D. Tracking was done under ethical permission of the veterinary services of Kanton Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland. Starlings were tagged by Morrison Pot with a permit from the Dutch Animal Welfare Body, license number AVD 80100 20186224. Data from African wild dogs were collected by L.V.S. and P.V. and approved by the Endangered Wildlife Trust Ethics Committee, Midrand, South Africa, under ethics clearance number EWTEC2020_012, research agreement number VSCL1700. Data from white and black rhinoceroses, African buffaloes (free-roaming), cheetahs, lions, elephants, giraffes, spotted hyenas, greater kudus, plains zebras, waterbucks, impalas and blue wildebeests were collected by L.V.S., P.V., G.H. and Ma.W. and approved by South African National Parks, Pretoria, South Africa, under permission number WIKM 1668. The capture and treatment of mammals in South Africa was approved by Biodiversity North West under ethical permission NW 22265/08/2020. Data from blackbirds were collected by J.P., N.L. and T.V., approved by the responsible ethic commission and ministry, Regierungspräsidium Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, under permission number 35-9185.81/G-18/67. Data from African buffalo (enclosure) were collected by W.R. and V.O.E. in conjunction with an experimental infection study conducted with permission from South African National Parks (Project #SS830) and approved by the Yale University IACUC (#2020-20401) and the South African National Parks AUCC (#09-20).

: Not applicable.

: J.C.K. was hired by Sigfox Germany in 2022. His work on this publication was conducted prior. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.