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Authors
Miller, Patrick
Hayward, Ellen
Gillespie, Douglas
Wensveen, Paul
Samarra, Filipa
van IJsselmuide, Sander
van Riet, Martijn
van der Stappen, Cecile
Lam, Frans-Peter
Kvadsheim, Petter
Kleivane, Lars
Shorter, K. Alex
Hunter, Colin
de Saint Leger, Philippe
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
US Living Marine Resources (Project 57)
US Living Marine Resources (Project 64)
UK DSTL
French DGA
Defence Research and Development Canada
Icelandic Research Fund (217519)
Earthwatch Institute
Dutch Materiel and IT Command
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Article History
Received: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 15 February 2026
Declarations
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: Animal tagging and experiments in Norway were carried out under permit from the Norwegian Animal Research Authority (permit no 23/110085). Fieldwork in Iceland was conducted under a Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (Hafrannsóknastofnun) institutional permit. Research protocols were approved by the U of St Andrews Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
