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Article History

Received: 14 July 2023

Accepted: 28 September 2023

First Online: 13 October 2023

Declarations

:

: Centralized institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from the University of California, San Diego and each participating site received local IRB approval: Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, Caregivers provided written informed consent, and each child provided written assent. All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the ABCD Study (), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA).

: The authors have no conflict to declare.