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Authors
Fan, Chia-Wei
Ruckwongpatr, Kamolthip
Lin, I-Ching
Chen, I-Hua
Chen, Ji-Kang
Nurmala, Ira
Muthmainnah, Muthmainnah
Gan, Wan Ying
Üztemur, Servet
Chang, Yen-Ling
Lin, Chien-Chin
Christensen, Jeanette Reffstrup
Bevan, Nadia
Griffiths, Mark D.
Pakpour, Amir H.
Lin, Chung-Ying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NSTC 112-2410-H-006-089-SS2)
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the original data collection was obtained from the relevant research ethics committees or institutional review boards in each jurisdiction: National Cheng Kung University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval No.: NCKU HREC-E-111–563-2) for Taiwan data; Institute Review Board of Jiangxi Psychological Consultant Association (JXSXL-2023-SE0906) for China data; Chinese University of Hong Kong Ethics Committee (Ethics Number: SBRE-23-0685) for Hong Kong data; Health Research Ethics Committee in Universitas Airlangga (Number: 188/EA/KEPK/2024) for Indonesia data; Anadolu University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (No. 696904) for Türkiye data; and Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects in University Putra Malaysia (Reference Number: JKEUPM-2023-1324) for Malaysia data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
