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Article History

Received: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 26 March 2026

First Online: 12 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Shandong University of Science and Technology and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by Shandong University of Science and Technology. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. For participants under the legal age of consent, parental or guardian consent was also obtained. All participants were informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and their participation was voluntary. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence.

: The authors declare no competing interests.