Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 February 2026

Accepted: 29 May 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: NBL, RK, IRJ, SP, HM, ALS, KEH, SPG, SM, DN, SJP, KS, DEW, KC, GD, AMG, FQ, MR, RDB, KB, KNB, HLC, MD, DME, KH, JLM, JR, ER (Rieger), ER (Robinson), VS, NES, RWT, KAV, VW, BJJ, HJ declare no conflicts of interest. ALA is on the Scientific Advisory Board for WW, chairs a Trial Steering Committee for Menwell Ltd., and has received consulting fees for Fill Function UK (Eucalyptus). LAB is immediate Past-President of the World Obesity Federation, 2022–24 (honorary, unpaid position); Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Consultant paediatrician—staff member; University of Sydney, Professor Child & Adolescent Health—staff member; Novo Nordisk, received honoraria for speaking in forums organised by NN in relation to management of adolescent obesity (funds directed to research cost centre); Australian lead of the study—ACTION–Teens: sponsored by NN (multi-country on-line study of attitudes towards and perceptions of obesity held by adolescents living with obesity, their parents and health care professionals); Lilly Weight Management Advisory Board, member—received honoraria (funds directed to hospital research cost centre). CB has received consulting fees from Springer, royalties for Dutch Book, travel support for Obesity meetings. AJH has received payment for advice given to Slimming World (UK). MKP has received travel and consulting fees for speaking and advisory boards from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Johnson and Johnson Medical Pty Ltd, Takeda Pharmaceuticals and iNova Pharmaceuticals. He was on the guideline development committee for the National Eating Disorder Collaboration ‘Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline (2022)’ and is Vice President of the Australia and New Zealand Obesity Society (ANZOS). AS owns 50% of the shares in Zuman International Pty Ltd, which receives royalties and other payments for educational resources and services in adult weight management and research methodology. FANH reports serving on the Obesity Society’s Finance Committee, consulting fees from WW, an honorarium for speaking from the American Academy of Pediatrics, institutional support to travel, and membership on the Obesity Action Coalition’s Membership and Access to Care Committees, outside the scope of the submitted work. RAJ is an employee and shareholder of WeightWatchers International (WW). TKK has received professional fees from Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Nutrisystem, Roman Health Systems, Zealand Pharma. AHAD is an employee and shareholder of Reciprocity Health. SC receives royalties by Guilford Press, Springer and Routledge. KMC was previously employed by Optum, the service provider for the weight management program used in the included trial. The weight management program is no longer offered. The funder (NCCIH/NIH) was not involved in study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing of the paper and/or decision to submit for publication. RDG receives royalties from Guilford Press, Positive Press, Routledge, Springer; consulting fees from Eli Lilly; payment/Honoria from Swedish Eating Disorder Society, Bergen University (Norway), Japan Psychosomatic Society, Brisbane Children Hospital (Australia), Oslo University (Norway); is a shareholder of Villa Garda Hospital. ELG is a former employee and consultant for Unicity International Inc.; is a consultant for Tranont and PharmaVite; committee member for American Society for Nutrition and Women in Nutraceuticals; on the Scientific Advisory Board for Tranont and Unicity International Inc. (former). CKM has had research grants and research agreements from the University of Michigan’s Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, Egg Board, PCORI, Department of Defense, Access Business Group International LLC, IDEA Public Schools, Louisiana LIFT Fund, Pack Health, American Society for Nutrition, RAND Corporation, Richard King Mellon Foundation (RKMF), WW (Weight Watchers), The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), National Science Foundation (NSF), Lilly, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). CKM has served on advisory boards for EHE Health, Wondr Health, and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the University of Alabama Birmingham, and he consulted with Zafgen and OpenFit/MXCXM Health Inc. CKM is part of US and European patent applications for a weight loss approach called the Body weight Management and activity tracking system and his institution has licensed this IP, resulting in CKM receiving royalties via the institution from the licensing fees. CKM occasionally gives lectures and talks where he is provided with an honorarium and his travel expenses are reimbursed. He also serves as a paid mentor for a junior faculty member who received a National Institutes of Health-funded mentorship award from her institution (the University of Nebraska Lincoln). CKM serves as a developer and facilitator for continuing education events sponsored by the Commission on Dietetic Registration, and he was a Planning Committee Member for the Bray Obesity Science Symposium (BOSS). KMvR has received consulting fees for Plan International Canada Inc., Edelman Canada and Edelman Data & Intelligence. HAR has received funding from the National Institutes of Health in the area of adult and pediatric weight management. HAR is a committee member for the evidence-based practice guidelines for pediatric weight management for the American Psychological Association, the Evidence Analysis Library for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for the topic of adult weight management and the prevention of type 2 diabetes, and the US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. SAS is the President of the UK Society of Behavioural Medicine; Membership of HTA Clinical Evaluations and Trials Committee (20/07/2016–30/11/2020); Membership of Commissioning Panel for the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme (2019–2022); Membership of Chief Scientist Office HIPS committee 2018–2023. ES receives royalties from Taylor & Francis.