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Article History

Received: 3 September 2019

Accepted: 17 January 2020

First Online: 2 May 2020

Availability of data and materials

: The datasets and results related to the VNS TRD registry that are open access can be found at . De-identified participant’s data for the VNS TRD Registry will not be shared. Please contact the corresponding author for data requests.

: Study procedures were reviewed and approved by an institutional review board for each participating site. All enrolled participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. McAllister-Williams has received speaker honorarium fees, fees for consultancy, and/or support for research from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Compass Inc., Cyberonics, Eli Lilly, Ferrer, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Janssen-Cilag, LivaNova PLC, Lundbeck, MagStim, Merck Sharp & Dohme, myTomorrows, Otsuka, Pfizer, Pulse, Roche, Servier, SPIMACO, Sunovian, Syntropharma, Wyeth, American Center for Psychiatry & Neurology in the United Arab Emirates, British Association for Psychopharmacology, European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, International Society for Affective Disorders, OCM Comunicaziona s.n.c., Qatar International Mental Health Conference, UK Medical Research Council, and Wiley; grant support from National Institute for Health Research Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Panel and Health Technology Assessment Panel; and non-financial support from COMPASS Pathways. Dr. Sousa has no competing interests to disclose. Dr. Kumar is a former employee of LivaNova USA PLC. Dr. Greco is an employee of LivaNova PLC. Dr Bunker is a former employee and a current consultant of LivaNova USA PLC. Dr. Aaronson has received consulting fees from Genomind, LivaNova PLC, Alkermes, and Neuronetics; research support from Neuronetics; and speaker honorarium fees from Neurocrine, Otsuka, and Sunovion. Dr. Conway has received research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, the Stanley Medical Research Institute, the National Institute of Mental Health, NeoSync, Cyberonics, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, Assurex Health Inc., August Busch IV Foundation, and Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation; and he is currently serving as a research consultant to LivaNova PLC. Dr. Rush has received consulting fees from Akili Interactive Labs, Inc., Brain Resource, Compass Inc., Curbstone Consultant LLC., Emmes Corp., Holmusk, Inc., LivaNova PLC, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen), and MindLinc; speaking fees from LivaNova PLC; and royalties from Guilford Press and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX (for the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and its derivatives); and he is also named co-inventor on 2 patents: US Patent No. 7,795,033: Methods to Predict the Outcome of Treatment with Antidepressant Medication (Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S, Wilson AS) and US Patent No. 7,906,283: Methods to Identify Patients at Risk of Developing Adverse Events During Treatment with Antidepressant Medication (Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S).