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Article History

Received: 8 May 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Alcalá. Given that the data consisted exclusively of publicly available content and did not involve direct contact with individuals, the study posed no ethical risk. Nonetheless, to protect user confidentiality, we avoided storing or disclosing any personally identifiable information and paraphrased tweet content when necessary to ensure anonymity. The study followed the ethical standards established in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.