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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee at the Medical Faculty of the Technical University of Dresden (EK-Nr.: 26012014) and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants included in the study provided written informed consent to participate.

: Not applicable.

: AU and UBP report financial support was provided by German Research Foundation. AC reports a relationship with King’s College London that includes: board membership, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Furthermore, he has received grant funding from the MRC, ADM Protexin Ltd, NIHR, European Union Horizon Europe/Innovate UK, Beckley Psytech Ltd, and Wellcome Trust, has received payment or honoraria for presentations and/or consulting from Janssen, Otsuka, COMPASS Pathways Plc., Viatris and Medscape, and is President of the International Society for Affective Disorders. SJ reports a relationship with King’s College London that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Furthermore, he has received honoraria for educational talks given for Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lundbeck, Sunovian and Janssen. He has been an advisor to LB pharmaceuticals. He has sat on a funding panel for the Wellcome Trust, and as expert advisor for a NICE Technology Appraisal. He is a member of Council for the British Association for Psychopharmacology (unpaid). MB reports a relationship with TUD Dresden University of Technology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus that includes: board membership, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Furthermore, he has received grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), European Commission, Sächsische Aufbaubank, as well as sat on advisory boards for MedEd-Link Inc. Janssen Global Services, LLC, Biogen, COMPASS Pathfinder Ltd, FoGes UG, GH Research, Janssen-Cilag, Livanova, Msd Sharp & Dohme, MINDFORCE, Novartis Switzerland, Sunovion, and finally received lecture fees from Janssen-Cilag, Biogen, and FoGes UG. ES reports a relationship with TUD Dresden University of Technology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus that includes: funding grants, and furthermore has received a grant from “Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). Remaining authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.