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Article History

Received: 12 September 2019

Accepted: 24 September 2019

First Online: 12 November 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

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: SR does not indicate any potential conflicts of interest.CB received fees for a consult of the public court, being a member of the board of IQTIG, WidO and Fresenius. Also he got paid for lecturing for Chiesi and Nestlé and his research was financially supported by the German Minstry of Education and Research (BMBF). CB’s employer has received fee equivalent payments from the Nestlé Nutrition Institute for CB’s presentations.FJ was a consultant for A&E, DKG, G-BA and Bundesfachgruppe Neontalagy and got third-party funds from the first two named. He was also a member of the board for the Nestlé Nutrition Institute and received third-party funds. For lecturing, he received a fee for Bexter, Fresenius, Humana, Nestlé and Hipp. For his research, he received third-party funds from Fonterra and Humana.TK declares no conflict of interest.MK received a fee for being part of an academic advisory council for European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and travelling expenses as well. She also lectured at the University for Applied Sciences Hamburg. For this, she was paid a fee and travelling expenses. She also had a contract-based lectureship at the Technical University of Dortmund. The lectures were about nutrition. MK is also a member of the German Society of Nutrition, the Professional Association of Children and Adolescent physicians and the Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.AK has received financial grants from Ipsen Pharma.The Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and its employee BK were supported by financial support from the Commission of the European Communities (FP5-QLRT-2001-00389 CHOPIN, FP5-QLAM-2001-00582 PIANO, FP6-007036QLRT-2001-00389 EARNEST, FP7–289346-EarlyNutrition), the European Research Council (Grant ERC-2012 AdG - no.322605 METAGROWTH), the European Joint Programming Initiative NutriProgram ERA-HDHL, the European Erasmus + programs Early Nutrition eAcademy Southeast Asia - 573651-EPP-1-2016-1-ENEPPKA2-CBHE-JP and Capacity Building to Improve Early Nutrition and Health in South Africa 598488-EPP-1-2018-1-EN-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, and the European Interreg—Program Focus in CD-CE111. Additional funding was provided by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (No. 01 GI 0825 and INST 409/224–1 FUGG), the German Research Foundation (KO912/10–1), the McHealth innovation initiative of the LMU and the LMU Center for Advanced Studies. LMU and its employee BK have collaborated with pharmaceutical food companies on scientific and educational projects, mostly as part of publicly funded research projects. None of these interactions have affected the content of this manuscript.WM has received grants from Nestlé, Nutricia and Nutrinia.CP does not indicate any potential conflicts of interest.TR received a fee from Novonordiks, Pfizer, Serono/Merck, Sandoz/Hexal, Ipsen and Ferring for consulting and being part of an academic advisory council. He also was paid a fee for lecturing by Pfizer, Serono/Merck, Ferring and Sandoz/Hexal. He is a member of the board of the German Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology.PZ received a fee for being in the scientific board of the Deutsche Ärzteblatt.