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Authors
Belcher, Annabelle M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-0181
O’Rourke, Allison
C. Smith, Hannah
Fitzsimons, Heather
Ruelas-Vargas, Kristianny
Welsh, Christopher J.
Saloner, Brendan K.
Weintraub, Eric
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
State of Maryland (Maryland GOCCP PIG-F Grant numbers 2025-0007, 0009, 0010)
Foundation for Opioid Response Efforts
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Article History
Received: 24 January 2026
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 24 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations is not applicable. The study was approved as a consent-waivered chart review by the University of Maryland’s (UM) Human Research Protection Office’s Institutional Review Board (UMB IRB protocol No. HP − 00100535).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
