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Article History

Received: 16 February 2024

Accepted: 6 February 2025

First Online: 21 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan Normal University (IRB protocol/human subjects approval number: 202205HS066). All participants provided written informed consent before taking part in the study, with the right to withdraw at any time. The informed consent document included a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose and assured participants of data confidentiality through anonymous questionnaires and experimental procedures. Participants did not experience any harm and were free to discontinue their participation at any stage of the data collection process.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.