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Authors
Wei, Ning
Sun, Dingqiang
Li, Jian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71873067)
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2024
Accepted: 24 March 2025
First Online: 24 April 2025
Declarations
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: This is a secondary analysis using the CHARLS data, and the original survey was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015). All participants signed written informed consent forms before the survey. They knew their data were for academic research and could withdraw at any time. The publicly available data have undergone strict anonymization. Personal identity - identifying information (such as names, ID numbers, detailed addresses, etc.) has been removed, and only de - identified research variables are retained. This study strictly complies with the CHARLS data use terms. All analyses are for scientific purposes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
