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Authors
Zhou, Shenghui
Hou, Haibing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (GD22WZX02-11)
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2024
Accepted: 17 April 2025
First Online: 5 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethics approval from two sources: (1) the Ethics Committee of the School of Applied Foreign Languages, Guangdong Open University, Guangzhou, China, for data collected in mainland China; and (2) the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of all participating schools in Hong Kong, where local ethics review was required. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were assured of confidentiality and anonymity. Participation was voluntary, with no incentives or coercion, and respondents were free to withdraw at any stage.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
