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Article History

Received: 14 May 2024

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Research involving human participants, in accordance with the Declaration of Institute of Research and Community Service and approved by the ethics committee of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia with Number (No. 562/UN40/F1.2/PP/2023). thus ensuring that this study follows the research standards set by the University. All respondents were given consent to complete the questionnaire and informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians before they were included in the survey. The researchers recognized the full respect and protection of the privacy rights of individuals during data collection, processing, and analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.