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Article History

Received: 26 August 2024

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: We confirm that this study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants provided informed consent to participate prior to each survey. The study was conducted with approval from the Behavioural Research Ethics Board at the University of British Columbia (H20 - 02830).

: Not applicable.

: LP holds the Graduate Fellowship in Gambling Research (2023–2024), a fellowship supported by the BCLC and adjudicated by the UBC Faculty of Arts. GB has received a speaker honoraria from the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC). LC is the Director of the Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, which is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC), a Canadian Crown Corporation. The Province of BC government and the BCLC had no role in the preparation of this manuscript, and impose no constraints on publishing. LC holds a Discovery Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada). LC has received remuneration from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (travel; speaker honoraria; academic services), the Institut fur Glucksspiel und Gesellschaft (Germany; travel; speaker honoraria), GambleAware (UK; academic services), Gambling Research Australia (academic services), Alberta Gambling Research Institute (Canada; travel; academic services), German Foundation for Gambling Research (advisory board; travel). He has been remunerated for legal consultancy by the BCLC. He has not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling. LC receives an honorarium for his role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis, and he has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition Ltd. relating to neurocognitive testing.