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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 28 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. The study design was reviewed by the Academic Affairs Office of Sichuan University of Media and Communications, which determined that ethical approval was not required due to the cross-sectional design and the absence of experimental procedures. Prior to data collection, all participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, and potential risks and benefits. They were assured that their participation was voluntary, and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. Participants were also informed that their data would remain private and confidential, and would only be used for research purposes. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before they took part in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.