Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 November 2024

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in strict adherence to relevant ethical guidelines and norms. The CFPS database was utilized for empirical analysis. The CFPS database regularly submits ethical review or ongoing review applications to the “Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee” and carries out corresponding data collection work upon obtaining ethical review approval. The Ethics Committee conducted a comprehensive review and evaluation of the design, implementation process, and potential ethical risks of this study based on internationally and domestically accepted scientific research ethical principles, ensuring that the study would not cause any undue harm to the research subjects or infringe upon their rights and interests. The ethical review approval number for the CFPS project is: IRB00001052-14010.During the data collection process of the CFPS database, the China Social Science Survey Center of Peking University has obtained informed consent from the survey respondents in accordance with strict ethical norms. After fully understanding the research purpose, data usage methods, data confidentiality measures, and protection of their own rights and interests, the survey respondents voluntarily participated in the survey and agreed to have their data included in the CFPS database for academic research purposes. This study uses second-hand data that has undergone de-identification processing, making it impossible to trace back to specific individual identity information, further reducing potential ethical risks.Throughout the entire research process, we have consistently adhered to the principles of respecting the rights and interests of research subjects, protecting privacy, and complying with ethical norms, ensuring the unity of scientific rigor and ethical considerations in our research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.