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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 11 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The research utilizes anonymized data to maintain participant confidentiality and avoid the disclosure of sensitive personal or commercial information. Moreover, the study does not involve any procedures that could harm participants physically, psychologically, or otherwise. This study complies with the national regulations outlined in “Involving Human Life Sciences and Medical Research” []. As the study involves anonymized questionnaire data without sensitive personal information or harm to participants, it was deemed unnecessary to obtain ethics approval.According to China’s Ethical Review Measures for Human Life Sciences and Medical Research [], and the Ethical Review Measures for Science and Technology (Trial) [], non-interventional studies using anonymized data without sensitive.Information may be exempt from ethical review if risks are reasonably negligible. Our study design and execution strictly comply with these provisions.

: Not applicable. Our research is based on anonymized questionnaire data. No identifying images, personal details, or clinical information of participants are included in the manuscript that would compromise anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.