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Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and adhered to the principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Approval for this study was granted by the Yeungnam University Institutional Review Board (Approval No. 7002016-A-2024-111). Prior to participation, informed written consent was obtained from every participant. All participants first received detailed information about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of data collection, and this consent included permission to publish anonymized aggregate study results. Because the manuscript contains only deidentified data with no individual level identifying information, no additional consent was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.