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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The procedures used in this study adhered to the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study was not medical research nor regarded human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questions in the questionnaire did not have any adverse effect on the mental health status of the respondents, ethical approval was not required for this questionnaire-based study according to the regulations of the authors’ institution - Institute of Management Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan.

: Allrespondents were at least 18 years old and consented to participate in the research study by completing the questionnaire. The information collected is strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All participants were informed about the purpose and aims of this study, that their participation was entirely voluntary, and the ways the data would be used.

: NA.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: AI was used to correct only grammatical issues.