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Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 26 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The data used in this study were obtained with the participants’ full awareness and voluntary agreement after being clearly informed about the research objectives. To uphold confidentiality, personal identifiers were removed, and real names were not recorded. Generic terms such as “participants” and “academic staff” were used to protect identities and promote trust. Participants retained the right to withdraw at any time without facing any consequences. This study was approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of the College of Business Administration in Yanbu Taibah University, Approval Code: CBA-2025-48, March 2025.

: An online questionnaire was distributed to teaching assistants via academic email addresses available on Mansoura University’s official website. All data collected were exclusively intended for academic research purposes. Participants gave their informed consent electronically before beginning the survey.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research. Respondents were assured that they could withdraw from the study at any point without penalty. Completion and submission of the questionnaire were considered as providing informed consent. All responses were collected anonymously and used solely for aggregated statistical analysis.