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Article History

Received: 22 May 2024

Accepted: 22 July 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The scale used in this study was released through the Questionnaire Star platform(d was answered using a mobile client. In order to obtain informed consent from the participants, it was briefly explained to them that the data collected would be used for research purposes only. If participants agreed to participate in this survey, they answered the questions according to the questionnaire guidelines; otherwise, they clicked on the opt-out link. The study was conducted in accordance with the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, informed consent was obtained from the participants for all data collected, and approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of the North China University of Science and Technology (protocol code sdnu-2021037).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.