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Article History

Received: 26 March 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by CHARLS was ethically approved by the Ethics Review Board of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015), and each respondent signed an informed consent form. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository and accession numbers can be found at . The database is free and open to scholars worldwide. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.