Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 July 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval for this study’s protocol was granted by the Ethics Approval Committee at the Foreign Languages College, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China. The committee ensured that the research posed no harm to participants and that all procedures adhered to relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were briefed on the study’s objectives, given the chance to seek clarification, and freely consented to participate with the understanding of their right to withdraw at any time without explanation or repercussions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.