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Authors
Hu, Wan-Hsien https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-3072
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Science Foundation of the Fujian Province (FJ2023T005)
Sanming University (23YG09S)
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2024
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. As the author’s affiliated institution does not have an Institutional Review Board (IRB) for non-medical research, the study was reviewed and approved by the Office of Humanities and Social Sciences, which provided ethical oversight. The author has also received formal training in research ethics from the Center for Taiwan Academic Research Ethics Education, ensuring compliance with ethical standards in research involving human participants. All procedures followed relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent (in Chinese) was obtained from all participants prior to their voluntary participation in the two-wave surveys.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
