Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 October 2024

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 10 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki and strictly follows ethical principles to protect the rights of research participants. We ensured the informed consent of the participants while safeguarding their privacy and data security. We ensured that the purpose of the study was provided in the introductory section of the questionnaire and that the questionnaire was anonymous, participants were asked to read the introduction of the questionnaire, the study was a questionnaire conducted in the field of teaching and learning, and the participants of the study were adult college students, based on which the ethical risk of the study was minimal and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Normal University without the need for further ethical review.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.