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Article History

Received: 18 June 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Qinggong College, North China University of Science and Technology (No. QGXYLL20240002). Participants provided informed consent after being fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits. All responses were collected anonymously and kept strictly confidential. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The survey was designed to minimize any potential psychological discomfort, and collected data were used solely for research purposes and stored securely.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.