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Authors
Du, Wei
Liu, Limin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This research was financially supported by the program of Philosophy and Social Science in Henan Province. (2023BKS020, 2023BKS020)
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Article History
Received: 25 May 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Psychological Health Education and Counseling Center at Jiaozuo Normal College (Reference Number: JZNC-PECC-2024-0314). All procedures adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, national research guidelines, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Participation in this research was entirely voluntary. The study did not involve any procedures anticipated to cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm, minimized privacy risks, and raised no major ethical concerns. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the study’s procedures, the voluntary nature of their involvement, their right to withdraw at any point without consequence, and measures taken to ensure confidentiality. The original ethics approval document has been uploaded as supplementary material for review.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
