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Article History

Received: 23 November 2024

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 3 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics committee of the School of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan University, China approved this study (Approval Code: WHU-HSS-IRB2024039). This study conducted questionnaire distribution on the legitimate online survey platform “Credamo” in China. All participants voluntarily chose to participate in the survey and receive corresponding compensation. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose, anonymity, and data privacy, and were free to withdraw at any time. By clicking the “Agree to participate in the survey” button, all participants provided their electronic informed consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.