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Article History

Received: 28 March 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement in the research, in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Chinese Psychological Society.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.