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Authors
Ke, Jianglin
Sun, Renbin
Liu, Lidan
Zhang, Yufei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72174027)
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: Our study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We submitted an application to the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Government at Beijing Normal University. This committee reviewed our protocol and determined that, under Article 32 of the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings, formal ethical approval was not required because our study met the criteria for non-interventional research and utilized anonymous data. Researchers obtained informed consent from voluntary participants prior to their involvement in the study for the collection and processing of data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
