Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 February 2024

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Qingdao Technological University and all procedures followed were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

: All participants in this study provided informed consent prior to their involvement. Participation was voluntary, and individuals were informed about the purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.