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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 30 September 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Before the formal implementation of this study, approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Macao University of Tourism, with the approval number EA2024141. The review confirmed that the study employed anonymized interview data, safeguarded participants from harm, and did not involve experiments on humans or the use of human tissue samples. Additionally, the study did not encroach upon sensitive personal information or commercial interests. It adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report. Furthermore, in accordance with relevant legislation, all participants were adults, as the legal working age exceeds the age of majority. All participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.