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Authors
Li, Zhe
Qin, Junfeng
Zhu, Xianyun
Wang, Yinglin
Zhang, Wenxin
Shen, Donghui
Xu, Xiaolei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taishan Scholars Program (tsqn 202306156)
Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2024MC187)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32100887)
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was fully approved by the local Ethics Committee of Shandong Normal University and Qingdao Municipal Hospital (No. 2023-KY-071). All participated adolescents and their parents were fully informed about the details of the study and provided written informed consent before the experiment. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All authors have approved to publish this paper and all participants provided written informed consent confirming that their data would be published without including any personal information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
