Birken, Mary
Ikhtabi, Sarah
Steare, Thomas
Johnson, Sonia
Benedetto, Giulia
Lin, Fiona
Scott, Hannah Rachel
Harju-Seppänen, Jasmine
McCloud, Tayla
Shafran, Roz
Pitman, Alexandra
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation (ES/S004440/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P000592/1)
UCL-Wellcome Trust doctoral training fellowship (218497/Z/19/Z)
NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre
Article History
Received: 29 June 2024
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
:
: We did not seek ethical approval as all data were published and already in the public domain. This submission was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.